Epidemiology, Biotic Interactions and Biological Control of Armillarioids in the Northern Hemisphere

Armillarioids, including the genera Armillaria, Desarmillaria and Guyanagaster, represent white-rot specific fungal saprotrophs with soilborne pathogenic potentials on woody hosts. They propagate in soil by root-like rhizomorphs, connecting between susceptible root sections of their hosts, often forming extended colonies native forests. Pathogenic abilities Armillaria genets can readily manifest compromised or hosts full vigour be invaded virulent mycelia when exposed to a larger number newly formed genets. rot-related symptoms are indicators ecological imbalances forests plantations at rhizosphere levels, related abiotic environmental threats, most likely unfavourable changes microbiome compositions interactive zone roots. The less-studied biotic impacts that contribute armillarioid host infection include fungi insects, as well forest conditions. On other hand, negative impactors, like bacterial communities, antagonistic fungi, nematodes plant-derived substances may find applications environment-friendly, biological control diseases, which used instead of, combination classical, but frequently problematic silvicultural chemical measures.